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A Biblical Survey of Integrity

Harold Gardner, a Professor of Education at Harvard University, studied some of the most
influential leaders of the 20th century. In his study of ten great leaders, he found only two
commonalities with them al . It was neither height nor weight, extroversion nor introversion,
rich nor poor, or social skills nor the lack thereof. The only two traits he could find between
al of his leaders are that each of these leaders knew how to share their story, and lived it
out.1 It's precisely here that we have the idea of integrity.

The Latin etymological root for integrity is integer, meaning "entire," "whole" or
"complete." To have integrity means that we are whole people, that our outward persona
matches the inside, that our actions complete our words. Each of these ten great leaders had
this kind of integrity, where they were able to relate their story and live it out embody it.
Leaders are complete people, not disparate or disjointed, when they are able to live with
complete integrity with themselves, with others and ultimately toward God. It's easy to see
that integrity is quite related to having shalom, a peace that comes from wholeness.

Even easier to see is that integrity is foundational to an effective Bible-centered
leader. When you have a person who is able to embody the very things they teach, they wil
have great power to influence on the planet. In this way, Jesus is the ultimate person of
integrity, and lived out his credo and mission to the very end. He embodied the very lessons
of love, grace and truth that he taught to his fol owers, even to his death. Without
disparaging the fact that he is indeed God in human form, Jesus' life had great power
because he lived it out with such great integrity. In fact, it may be precisely because Jesus is
God that he was able to live with such great wholeness of purpose, meaning and action.

On the flipside, a lack of integrity can tear down a leader's legacy. According to
Bobby Clinton, few leaders finish wel . In his estimation, it's about one in three. Clinton also
goes on to identify six barriers to finishing wel , and most have to do with a lack of integrity:
the use and abuse of finances, the abuse of power, inordinate pride, sex, family issues and
plateauing. In other words, the difference between a leader who finishes wel and one who
does not can often come down to one word: integrity.

Clinton's definition of integrity is:

Integrity, the top leadership character quality, is the consistency of inward beliefs and convictions with
outward practice. It is an honesty and wholeness of personality in which one operates with a clear
conscience in dealings with self and others.2

In sum, effective leaders are people of integrity.

Biblical case studies of integrity

1 Harold Gardner, Leading Minds: An Anatomy of Leadership (New York: BasicBooks, 1995), 9.
2 J. Robert Clinton, "Integrity A Top Leadership Quality," Clinton's Bible Leadership
Commentary (Self-published draft, 1999), 444.
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To our great benefit, the Bible is a wonderful col ection of case studies on integrity. It is
replete with examples of great leaders who had integrity, and other leaders who lacked it.
However, the data points of integrity in Scripture are so overwhelming that an exhaustive
study of integrity in Scripture would be impossible to complete in a few pages. Here are
some highlights instead:

Patriarchal Leadership Era
Abraham. After receiving the blessing from God that he would become a great nation in
Genesis 12 he failed to trust God in subsequent situations and took matters back into his
own hands. When they entered the land of Egypt later in Genesis 12, Abram told a half-lie
to protect his life from jealous suitors: Sarai is his sister. In his deception, he ended up sel ing
his wife off to Pharaoh. Though God's intervention returned Sarai back to him, Abram did
not pass this integrity check.

Later in Genesis 16, he again took matters into his own hands. He didn't yet have an
heir, so Sarai persuaded him to sleep with her maid, Hagar. In his lack of trust in God's
promises yet again, he attempted to create his own future and please his wife, which only
resulted in a high amount of jealousy from Sarah and greater dysfunction in the family.
Another integrity check failed.

In facing the same situation as in Genesis 12, Abraham responded in the same sinful
way again. He told the same, tired half-lie to another monarch, this time the King of Gerar
in Genesis 20. Again God's intervention kept Sarah from harm. But again, Abraham did not
pass this integrity check, not believing in God's promises to fulfill his destiny.

It seemed that God wanted Abraham to learn this lesson, so he brought up yet
another integrity check, again addressing the issue of Abraham's legacy. In Genesis 22,
Abraham was asked to put his heir to death. This time, he passed the test, wil ing to take the
life of his son. Again, God intervenes, but this time on his behalf, and he provided another
offering instead. Later, the writer of Hebrews 11 believed that Abraham was wil ing to go
through with the sacrifice because he trusted in God's promises, that his great nation would
come through Isaac (Gen 17:19). So, he believed that even if he took his son's own life, he
would be raised from the dead. He final y learned the lesson, and is remembered as the
father of a great nation.

Jacob. The grandson of Abraham was a slippery one. Jacob means "he who grasps the heel"
which has connotations of deception and trickery. He would live up to his namesake. First,
he extorted his older brother out of his birthright in Genesis 25. Then, he deceived his way
into receiving his older brother's blessing in Genesis 27. But, deception begets deception.

Later, he met his match with his Uncle Laban, who extorted him into seven years of
labor and then tricked him into another seven more in Genesis 29. At the same time, Jacob
used his own guile to obtain wealth from his uncle's flock in Genesis 30. Al of this trickery
created tension and dysfunction in the family, where Rachel was jealous of her sister and
rival wife Leah's pregnancies. His family would continue to wheel and deal in many more
future situations, such as Rachel sel ing her right to a night with her husband for some
mandrakes in Genesis 30.
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Ultimately, al of Jacob's tricks caught up with him. He sneaked off with al of his
family and property to return home in Genesis 31, while his wife learned a few tricks of her
own and stole her father's household gods. But, on his journey home, he was greeted by his
older brother Esau and 400 other men. They met with embraces, yet Jacob again used lies to
escape his brother's grasp, though we're not sure whether or not Esau meant to harm his
little brother in Genesis 33. Though God seemed to bless him, his life of trickery created
great dysfunction within his household, so much so that they turned on each other and
would eventual y sel one of their own to slavery and lie to cover it up.

Joseph. Joseph didn't so much lack integrity as he lacked tact in his youth. He boasted about
his dreams to his family about how they wil all bow to him one day, which created a great
deal of contempt against him. Later, his own brothers sold him off to slavery.

However, the life of a slave seemed to have humbled him, and he began to live with
great integrity. In Genesis 39, his life of integrity al owed his master to trust him with al of
his household affairs. But, his master's wife took a liking to this young, handsome Hebrew
boy and attempted to seduce him day by day. But he stood his ground.

One day, she became aggressive and grabbed at his cloak to seduce him. But instead
of succumbing, he immediately ran outside leaving the cloak in her hands. She made up a
story about how he came on to her, and Joseph was placed in prison. Apparently, however,
the master didn't think that Joseph was too guilty; he placed him in a royal prison with a
cupbearer and a baker not exactly the state penitentiary. According to Middle Assyrian
laws, rapists were executed. Thus, the master must have seen Joseph's integrity, even here,
but may have had his hand forced. He would have to choose this servant over his wife, and
that would be too costly a decision. He seemed to go easy on Joseph nonetheless.

Ultimately, through a series of fortunate events and divine interventions, Joseph
became the governor of Egypt and saved much of the world by rationing food during times
of plenty so when the famine came, they had food to spare. He even saw great purpose in
his slavery and years in prison: what his brothers intended for evil, God intended for good to
save the family (Gen 45:4-8). He finished wel and his integrity gave him great favor
throughout his lifetime. He was a great leader.

Pre-Kingdom Leadership Era
Aaron & the Levites. Moses' brother Aaron was a leader, and would later become the priest of
Israel. His leadership was sorely tested, however, when Moses and Joshua was a long time in
coming down from the mountain. In Moses' absence, the people wanted Aaron to make
gods who would lead them. (Some of the lure of idol worship is that the rites of these
Ancient Near Eastern gods often permitted the people to have sex with each other as a part
of the worship practices.) So, instead of standing his ground here, Aaron took gold from the
people of Israel and created a golden calf, presenting it as their gods who brought them out
of Egypt in Genesis 32. A party ensued.

When Moses came down from the mountain, he was furious. When cal ed to
account, Aaron attempted to shift the blame, saying that he threw the gold into the fire and
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out came a calf! To purity a nation, Moses cal ed to his fel ow-tribesmen and told them to
strap on swords to kil family, friend and neighbor. They did exactly what they were told, and
3,000 people were kil ed that day in Genesis 32. Though it's hard for the modern reader to
hear, God blessed the Levites for their insistence on obedience and integrity throughout the
camp, and thus they confirmed their ordination as priests. But from another viewpoint,
Aaron's disobedience caused the deaths of 3,000 people. Where integrity was needed, Aaron
did not stand his ground and gave in to the pressures of the people with dire consequences.

Achan. Achan took forbidden plunder in a raid in Joshua 7, which caused the defeat of Israel
at Ai. His lack of integrity not only caused the loss of his own life, but also the lives of his
family and 36 fighters of Israel. When purity was restored to the camp, they were able to
rout Ai.

Gideon. In Judges 6, Gideon passed an integrity check. He was cal ed to tear down his
father's Baal altar and Asherah pole, and leave a sacrifice on the embers of that pole. He
didn't have the courage to do it during the day, but stil completes the act by night. He stood
up for himself when found out, saying that Baal should fight his own battles. As a result, the
Spirit of God comes upon him and he routed the Midianites and the Amalekites. Integrity
was rewarded with solid leadership and victory.

Samuel. Samuel's mother offered him to the priesthood as a promise to God, and he served
wel . Early in his boyhood, it was clear that he had a gift of hearing from God. Even when
he heard a message that was hard to deliver, he didn't waver from his integrity and shared
the message, as in 1 Samuel 3. As a result, God made sure that Samuel's prophetic record
was impeccable (1 Sam 3:19).

In 1 Samuel 8, however, Samuel's sons were not acting with the same integrity as he
was. They took what they could get for themselves, taking bribes and corrupting justice. In
light of their lack of integrity, the people rebel ed and did not want Samuel's family to lead
them anymore and demanded a king in 1 Samuel 8.

But stil Samuel stayed true. Even when it would have benefited him or his family to
lie, Samuel knew that God was giving them a king, and so he did not get in the way. He
continued to give the words of God, just as he heard them. He was an effective leader
throughout his lifetime, always delivering the word of God even when it was not popular,
and remained an influential leader throughout the rise of the monarchy.

Kingdom Leadership Era
Saul. Samuel's replacement as leader of the country, however, was not as stel ar in his
integrity. His reign started strong, but early in his career, he lost his trust in God. In one
instance, he could not wait any longer for Samuel to show up before a battle, so he took the
sacrifices into his own hands in 1 Samuel 13. Because he didn't have integrity to stand firm
in the face of his own fears and impulses, God took away his blessing of his kingship.

Saul's reign only became worse. At one point, he uttered a foolish promise, saying
that anyone who ate anything before evening would die in 1 Samuel 14. He made a vow that
he couldn't keep. Later, it was found out that Jonathan, his son, had tasted some honey for
refreshment. Saul attempted to keep his vow, but the army rebel ed and protected the
popular and wel -loved Jonathan. He couldn't keep his promise, and his authority was
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compromised. His leadership was weakening, and he had bitter wars with the Phil istines
throughout his lifetime as a reminder of God's disfavor (1 Sam 14:52).

He would continue to act on his own impulses instead of obeying God: he took
plunder, disobeying God's commands in 1 Samuel 15. Saul later becomes more and more
angry and depressed, an unstable man who attempts to kil his harpist the future king of
Israel with a spear, twice (1 Sam 18, 19). In the end, his reign ends without much fanfare,
and he and his son is kil ed in battle. God's judgment: "I am grieved that I ever made Saul
king" (1 Sam 15:11).

David. David also started out with everything for him. He is zealous for God's reputation,
and it led to the defeat of the giant Goliath in 1 Sam 17, which catapulted his popularity with
the people. He showed great integrity in the way he dealt with Saul, where he had the
opportunity to kil him twice, but al owed God to deliver judgment instead in 1 Samuel 24
and 26. His authority solidified.

However, it came apart when he fel into temptation in 2 Samuel 11. At a time when
the kings were off to war, he stayed back in the palace and his eyes fel on beautiful
Bathsheba while he was bathing. He knew that she belonged to one of his men, a fighter
who was risking his life for a country that was not his own. But, he invited her to the palace
and slept with her. She became pregnant, and when a few attempts to cover it up do not
work, he conspired to have her husband kil ed in battle. He piled sin on top of sin.

To his credit, when his sin is outed by the prophet Nathan in 2 Samuel 12, David
stopped covering up and wholeheartedly repented of his sin. Here, he displayed a great deal
of integrity by confessing his sins and later reflecting on it in Psalm 51. He would be
described as a man after God's heart.

Nevertheless, he had to live with the consequences of his mistakes. It seemed that
his own sins are perhaps the cause of his inability to discipline his own children, so much so
that they kil and rape each other, and attempt to overthrow his authority and kingdom (2
Sam 13, 15). His reign could've been so much more if he did not give into temptation and
held fast with integrity.

Josiah. In a history of kings that are overwhelmingly fil ed with disobedience to God none
of the kings of Israel fol ow God, though a few of the kings of Judah do Josiah stood out
as a breath of fresh air. He knew the value of honesty, as he gave a blank check for those
repairing the Temple because they were honest men (2 Ki 22: 3-7). As they were cleaning up
the Temple, they found the Book of God's Revelation, and as they read it, they realized that
they hadn't lived up to its commands.

In response, Josiah placed his new convictions into action, leading many reforms in 2
Kings 23. He rid the Temple of any idol worship, fired the pagan priests, cleaned up the
local sex-and-religion shrines, threw out the male prostitutes, and destroyed the furnace of
Topheth that was used for child sacrifices. In his reputation, the author of 2 Kings wrote
that there was no king like Josiah, either before or afterward, who turned to God as he did (2
Ki 23:25). I can think of no better epitaph.
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Post-Kingdom Leadership Era
Nehemiah. Nehemiah was a great example of integrity in leadership. He was clearly a person
of some character to be the cupbearer for the king of a foreign land: the cupbearer had to be
trusted because he tested the king's food for poison.

Later, as he began building the wal in Jerusalem, he was above-board with his
finances. He cal ed the Israelites to account when they became loan sharks, creating unjust
systems of debt that al owed them to buy other sons and daughters as their slaves. Nehemiah
cal ed for a stop of usury, using his own life as an example of loaning without extortion (Neh
5:10). He also did not take advantage of his governor's possession, refusing the food
al owance and not taxing the people. In addition, he fed 150 Jews and officials at his dining
table (Neh 5:14-19). He was a person of integrity when it came to finances, and this built a
great deal of trust and authority for his leadership.

In the face of intense opposition, he also would not use the Temple as a hideout. He
continued to walk with integrity in his leadership, not al owing people even a foothold to
discredit him (Neh 6:11). He felt that he had lived a life of integrity that his last prayer was
that God would remember him for the deeds he has done. It must have felt peaceful to
know that he had lived a life of integrity.

Daniel & his friends. Daniel was also exemplary in his integrity. Even as a young man in a
foreign country, he would not defile himself with royal food in Daniel 1. So, he was wise
enough to wheel a deal with the head of the palace staff, and they were found to be even
healthier with their vegetarian diet. His health improved because of his wil ingness to take a
stand, even if it was a smal one.

In chapter 3, Daniel's friends would not bow down to a foreign god. They were
willing to die for their faith, knowing that God could save them but may choose not to (Dan
3:16-18). As their reward, they were saved from the burning furnace, and God's name was
remembered and exalted in this foreign land by decree. God was glorified by their insistence
to stay true to him.

Later in chapter 6, Daniel's status caused jealousy in the king's court. So, the other
vice-regents and governors created a scheme to trap him. They tricked the King to sign a law
that would prohibit the worship and prayer to anyone else but the King, knowing that
Daniel would break this law. Instead of hiding out, Daniel opened wide the shutters and
continued to pray three times a day. Trapped, the King was forced to send Daniel to the
lion's den, though it grieved him. But while in the den, God shut the mouths of the lions so
that Daniel was safe. Again, God was glorified by the integrity these men showed in the face
of a foreign government.

Pre-Church Leadership Era
Jesus. It is almost too obvious to state, but Jesus himself was a person of great integrity
throughout his lifetime. But, one place where it stood out is in Matthew 4, when he was out
in the desert being tempted by the Devil. Each temptation that the Devil brought must have
actual y been temptations, relevant and hard-to-fight shortcuts to something that wil
eventual y be rightful y his in the future. With each test, Jesus countered with Scripture and
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successful y overcame each test. His victories over temptation marked the start of a public,
three-year, world-changing ministry.

Throughout his teaching, he cal ed his fol owers to serve each other. He said that if
anyone wanted to be great among you, he must be the servant of al in Mark 9:35. Not only
did he teach it, however, he also lived it. In John 13, he knew that al things were put under
his power, and that he had come from God and was returning to God. So, what did he do?
Did he subjugate the world under his great, oppressive power? Did he demand that every
knee bow before him at that moment? No, instead he tied a towel around his waist and
began to do what no servant would've done in those times because it was too low: he began
to wash their feet. And, their teacher's example stands the test of two mil ennia's time.

Church Leadership Era
Ananias & Sapphira. As the early church was just getting under way, Ananias and Sapphira
were fol owers of the Way of Jesus. But, when they sold their house, they kept some of the
profits for themselves, but told the church that they had given al of their profits to them.
They were seeking a better reputation, while cheating the church.

They were caught, however, and they were struck down and kil ed by the Spirit.
Purity in the church and a healthy reverence for God was restored. The early church would
not have missed the paral el to Achan, who in the creation of a nation disobeyed God,
brought impurity to the community in Judges 7. With the creation of the new church, the
Spirit again was demanding purity and integrity within the community.

Paul. Paul, the great church planter of the Church Leadership era, found himself needing to
defend his own character and ministry even though he lived a life of integrity. His second
letter to the Corinthians is his defense.

First, his words were under fire. The Corinthians accused him of going back on his
word when he didn't visit them. But, he didn't visit because he wanted to spare them the
pain (2 Cor 1:23ff). He had to explain himself, and was open and honest with them.

He also had to defend his character. But, if anyone had a reason to boast about piety
and credentials, none could compare with Paul. In Philippians 3, he had the credentials to be
the best of al religious Jews. But, he considered it al lost for the sake of fol owing Jesus. He
had been through much suffering for the sake of the Gospel, undergoing persecution,
torture, hardship, hunger, thirst, nakedness and even a shipwreck (2 Cor 3). His life was not
one of comfort and luxury, but hardship in trying to bring the Gospel to every corner of the
world. He lived a life of sacrifice and simplicity, and was not becoming wealthy from what
he was doing. He embodied the Christian life.

He had to defend his finances. In 1 Corinthians 9, he explained that though he had
the right to ask for their support, he never did. The Gospel never cost them one cent. Now,
in 2 Corinthians, he defended himself again, saying that he never took one penny for
himself. Al of the offering taken would go to the poor, and he set up a system of
accountability so they can be doubly sure that their money wil go to the right places. He did
not take any chances, so that Jesus' name would not be discredited.

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Near the end of his ministry, he met with the elders of Ephesus in Miletus while on
his way to Jerusalem in Acts 20. They knew him so intimately that he could say, "You know
that..." and they would know al about him. Here, he says without guilt, that he took care of
his own basic needs and did not exploit anyone. He says:

You know how I lived the whole time I was with you, from the first day I came into the province of
Asia. I served the Lord with great humility and with tears, although I was severely tested by the
plots of the Jews. You know that I have not hesitated to preach anything that would be helpful to
you but have taught you publicly and from house to house. I have declared to both Jews and Greeks
that they must turn to God in repentance and have faith in our Lord Jesus. (Acts 20:19-21,
NIV)

They knew him, and he lived the life the eternal kind of life.

Leadership requirements. When it came to leadership requirements in the early church, Paul
wrote about character traits more than anything. In 1 Timothy 3, the leaders were to be
above reproach, sincere, and not after dishonest gain. They were to be the kind of people
that could be trusted. In Titus, Paul again states that they needed to be blameless. In both
passages, leaders were held accountable to their families: if their families do not fol ow Jesus,
then how can they influence others as wel ? Their families were a reflection of them, because
their families would know them the best, when al the guards are down. They would know if
their Dad embodied the faith, and would make decisions to fol ow Jesus based on their
Dad's example.

Through the long history of Biblical leaders, it is clear that the effectiveness of a
Biblical leader is directly tied to his or her life of integrity. They are inseparable. When they
live in integrity and wholeness, God explicitly goes with them. When they do not, then God
leaves them.

Implications for today's leaders
During the last half of 1999, I served as a pastoral intern at Onnuri Presbyterian Church, a
20,000-member church located in the heart of Seoul, Korea. God blessed the ministries I
was a part of while I was there, the English-speaking service increased from 400 to 700, and
the youth group increased from 250 to 450. Many people were starting to walk with Jesus for
the first time. At the same time, I met and started dating Jinhee who would eventual y
become my wife. Everything was going right.

Near the end of my six-month internship, the church offered me a ful -time position,
offering to double my salary, while also providing housing, a car and a cel phone. They
real y pursued me, and the offer was tempting because I wanted to stay in Korea with Jinhee
and the thriving ministries. (Jinhee wouldn't be able to leave for States because of work
commitments for another four months.) However, I promised the ministries back in Boston
that I would return right after my internship. Though they let me go for six months, they
depended on me to provide leadership and supervision. I was torn.

In the middle of the decision-process, I asked my pastor back in Boston for any
advice he would give me for clarity in the situation. He said something that wil always stick:
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"James, if there's one thing you have that you cannot compromise as a person in ministry is
your integrity." That's al he had to say. From that moment on, I knew that I had to turn
down the offer to stay in Korea, and head home, even though that meant I left a great job
opportunity and my future wife for a short time. I had to keep my word.

When I came back, I found Clinton's three-part pattern to an integrity check come to
life.3 First, I was chal enged to be consistent with my inner convictions. Would I stick to my
word or not? Second, I had to respond, and God gave me the grace to choose to fulfil my
word. Third, a result of passing an integrity check leads to a resulting expansion, and the
ministry back in Boston had its best season under my leadership up to that time.

Ministry is complex, and the pitfal s are legion. Often, leaders see these pitfal s and
temptations as nagging nuisances or soul-crumbling afflictions. However, they can also be
seen as an opportunity to grow into the influence you were meant to have. Either we
embrace the lesson and pass the check, or we wil find ourselves faced with that same
situation over and over again like Abraham until we learn the lesson or opt ourselves
out of greater influence.

My pastor was right: a leader cannot compromise their integrity in the ministry.
Ministers are not often rich or famous (though a few come to be). But, one currency that the
Christian leader often deals with is trust. In the business of influence, we can put deposits or
make withdrawals in the trust bank. According to Patrick Lencioni's Five Dysfunctions of a
Team, trust is the very foundation upon which teams and organizations thrive.4 If we lose
that trust, then our ability to make an impact in the lives of others draws up default. Integrity
is a deal-breaker: the lack of integrity wil be a sure-fire way to create distrust, animosity and
apathy. Without trust, a leader has no authority to influence.

Ministering with integrity, however, creates spiritual authority and trust. To thrive as
an effective, Bible-centered leader, integrity is something that we cannot afford to lose and
must take great care to keep.

3 Clinton, "Integrity," 446.
4 Patrick Lencioni, The Five Dysfunctions of a Team (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2002), 43.
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Bibliography

Carter, Stephen L. Integrity. New York: HarperPerennial, 1997.

Clinton, J. Robert, The Bible and Leadership Values: A Book By Book Analysis. Self-published,
1993.

. Clinton's Biblical Leadership Commentary. Self-published draft, 1999.

. Leadership Perspectives: How to Study the Bible for Leadership Insights. Altadena,
CA: Barnabas Publishers, 1993.

. Having a Ministry that Lasts by Becoming a Bible Centered Leader. Self-published,
1997.

Gardner, Harold. Leading Minds: An Anatomy of Leadership. New York: BasicBooks, 1995.

Lencioni, Patrick. The Five Dysfunctions of a Team. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2002.

Walton, John H., Victor H. Matthews and Mark W. Chavalas. The IVP Bible Background
Commentary, Old Testament. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2000.
2005 by James Choung. Please do not reproduce without permission.
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